![]() Fernando Martínez Heredia: Ideas don't have owners e-mail:
digital@jrebelde.cip.cu “Each day we must win again, probably even those battles we thought we’d won. We cannot go backwards in the face of the mental colonization, which capitalism exercises. We must participate in the adventure of thinking from the point of view of exercising our militancy and revolutionary thinking – using our own heads, to serve in the changing of people and in the changing of social relationships with a sense of liberation.” It is Fernando Martínez Heredia who argues this, an intellectual who has put all his knowledge in a historical context – the problems of society, politics and revolutionary thought – which he has researched time and again, confronting each of the challenges of his country, and looking beyond the limits. With the support of several friends one afternoon not too long ago, I had this conversation with him at the Juan Marinello Institute for Cuban Cultural Investigations, where Heredia spoke on the recent publication of, The Exercise of Thinking, which outlines the depth and richness of his thought. The title of the book is from the last volume of texts – in the order in which they were compiled – which coincides with the first of his published articles, inspired by the speech Fidel delivered in September of 1966 at the CTC Congress, in which he outlined a number difficulties that existed at that time. After reading the first lines one begins to experience an uncommon sensation. And all because the chapters that give form and meaning to this work not only justify its title, but also set us on a course to visit the past, present and future of the nation. —In this book you touch on various attributes of dogmatism. In the creation of the socialist project, which would have to be abandoned from our thinking for good? In reality, what I set out to do was to do an analysis and to offer some help to scholars. I did so not just with the intention of combating dogmatism, but so that it would be understood thoroughly, and not be brought back to life again and again.
“The second aspect is the belief that what exists is not only what exists but what is legitimate. That there is no better alternative. This analysis of a project like ours deprives us of the ability to solve problems, when the greatest wealth our island has is its people. Maybe our country has not been able to develop a steel or iron industry or unite the great branches of agricultural and industrial production, but what it has achieved is to develop the potential of its people worldwide.” “Another nuance that should be avoided is for one to be useless in the world of thought and to create confusion and resignation.” “Cuba has a large and systematic investment in the development of its human potential. That is what allows us incredible as it may seem, to design a health campaign and then, five minutes later, to develop it because our population is able to assimilate it. For this reason, we also have the possibility that tens of thousands of Cuban internationalists can serve at the highest professional levels. We must not remove the marvel of thinking from this richness, because we would then deprive ourselves of their great wealth.” “Another nuance that should be avoided is for one to be useless in the world of thought and to create confusion and resignation. Some people prefer to continue the disconcertedness, to prevent initiative and to validate conformism. This is alien and contrary to a revolutionary attitude.” “If one states that true revolutionary thought is reduced to this certain way of thinking, then what is imposed is a disastrous rule: what is most valued then is the sterile word and the barren wasteland." The scope of our ideas and actions cannot be small or cheap, because we are forced to confront and overcome the culture of capitalism. —In what other ways would be investing in dogmatism? If we attribute to all thought, correctness or evil. In this case, there is no possibility of thinking because what is normal is to reach success or failure; that is the way forward. “This conduct violates the spiritual center of our project, the creation of attitudes and values different from those of capitalism, which occurred in the formation of the new people.” “Dogma is also characterized by attributing previous meanings and a static order to all that it finds of interest.” “To demonize the knowledge of everything that is deemed harmful or evil is another expression of dogmatism.” “One must abolish two erroneous ways of thinking: the right to deny others to express their views, and to think of oneself as the owner of ideas.” —What other positions of thought favor the permanence of social relationships and the morals of society, which we want to abolish and overcome? If we shackle the capabilities of human beings, we are condemned to remain within the culture of a capitalist society, and in part within the corporate domination of the past. Only when people learn to exercise freedom and justice can they change themselves and society. Without feelings and thoughts, which are superior to these conditions, there will be no socialism.
“The scope of our ideas and actions cannot be small or cheap, because we are forced to confront and overcome the culture of capitalism. The most comprehensive, strong – and capable of attracting or confusing – which has ever existed on a worldwide scale. Faced with the critical situation that leads to its parasitic and tax collecting nature, which excludes much of the world’s population, is criminal and destructive to the planet. Capitalism reaps a huge benefit from this culture and its ability to reformulate its hegemony. With this it fights a formidable cultural war against all peoples, including our own, with the objective of achieving effective control over our horizons in everyday life, our personal achievements and good fellowship.” “Capitalism seeks and finds ways to rearticulate itself. By the time I was born, in the United States blacks could not ride on the same buses as whites. When I was a young man, during the Vietnam War, when there was a powerful civil rights movement for blacks, that’s when they began to accept that two blacks and five whites could appear in advertisements for shirts. Today we can find in the plot of many films that the police officer is black and is not corrupt. The message of cultural imperialism is modified again and again, even to turn what was once a symbol of rebellion into one of the elements that ensure domination.” “It's a very complex fight we have with capitalism which exists just a few steps from us, in which we need a lot of intelligence, creativity, political awareness, courage, along with an extremely strong resolve in defense of socialist principles. But it cannot be an identical struggle: what is crucial is what we will be able to build here, with the strength that we do have and with our project of liberation.” —What do we need to do to address this cultural war that they are waging on us? There is a range of questions, which are beyond our means, such as certain technological developments or the control of the international market. But regarding the ground we are covering, the key objectives are achievable. There is a clear and urgent need to produce more food, and other main areas include, strengthening economic and social relations through the channels which are being built. But it would be a mistake to believe that socialism will win and will be insured if we try to be more productive than the developed capitalists. That success will depend on the development of a socialist culture, which has to be better and different, and not only opposed to capitalism. "Only those who learn to exercise freedom and justice can change themselves and society." " In November 2005, Fidel insisted on something he had said much earlier, in a speech over 15 years ago, at an opening of the National People Assembly of People's Power, when he stated that in this country there will never be a new class of the rich in power. This challenge is raised in a thousand ways. One, is to understand that Cuban society, which has made such a colossal gamble for the future, which has managed to resist and advance both, can not repeat the separation between the elite and the majority of the population in the consumption of products – both cultural and intellectual – which happens in capitalist societies.” “In the first 30 years of Revolution, Cuba was able to change people's attitudes about themselves and to lower the levels of violence. The sadness of knowing that children were crying from hunger and dying of all kinds of things was also abolished. And despite the terrible economic crisis and decline of socialism, we did not lose these, and many other achievements, why? Because we won them all together and they were well-sown.” “Each day we must win again, probably even those battles we thought we’d won.” “The attitude of Cubans towards consumption during those decades had changed profoundly. Cuba is a country that is as western as any other, the latest music of the United States is known here a week later. Cubans knew that in the world there were many objects that could be beautiful and very tempting, but were not for them, simply because they aspire to other things and other kinds of welfare, because their motivations were other. At this later stage, we have lost that marvelous way of thinking to a certain degree, and need to regain it in a new way.” “Socialism must accumulate enough cultural forces in its favor, which are attractive and effective in the struggle against capitalism, and especially in the fight for the transformation of individuals, in interpersonal and social relationships, and the nature and function of its own institutions.” “We must also empower our history, investigate its achievements, its errors, its successes and its failures, and make a collective effort to challenge the current problems and to make our project of national liberation more ambitious." —Cuba is overcoming the tremendous crisis of the '90s. From your perception, how much can our present course affect the after-affects left from that time? I think that the greatest risks to the Revolution were in its first five years of life, greater than those suffered in the first half of the 1990’s – but that was another time. Everything was starting and there was still almost everything to do, to defend and to fulfill.
"In those years the certainty, that there was a feasible point of recovery, collapsed even though it was not very far off. A group of certainties were gone. It was both the havoc, and that to restore everything would have been too difficult. One option was to recover some useful things and to change others. So they began to overcome the crisis, but then new complexities appeared.” "Tensions rose, because along with the gaps and shortages the expectations of the population grew. The giant leap in education, in the course of a single generation, gave rise to needs and desires. It was imperative to call on other tools, motivations, types of activity, and goals...” "Socialism must accumulate enough cultural forces in its favor, which are attractive and effective in the fight against capitalism…” "The country was forced to retreat into itself, to build on its own resources and strengths, postponing more than once, the evaluation of the ways and means that were being utilized. But Cuba passed the big test and survived, and in the second half of the 90’s it organized the viability and reproduction of its material and economic life. Social life also underwent profound changes. The social policies of the Revolution were prioritized and rescued – such as national sovereignty and the fundamental institutions and their relationships. But many features of the Cuban way of life, which had deteriorated to a greater or lesser degree, increased inequalities between population groups, decreased the weight of wage labor and the existence of a dual currency also distorted many areas.” "It is imperative to better organize production, giving a central role to work and the pursuit of self-sufficiency in food, among other tasks…” "It is not possible to detail here the main elements of what I think of the last 16 years – I tried to do so in a series of articles – but I understand that the cumulative negative weight still remains, while the country has continued to strengthen its system and its ability to respond to the various situations of its socialist transition from a revolutionary standpoint. At the same time, a silent battle is being waged between the values of socialism and those who only find satisfaction in a return to capitalism.” "We also have very good external variables in our favor, especially in Latin America which has taken a turn, with various popular powers that seek to build new partnerships with the aim of building socialism. The field is expanding rapidly in the region through partnerships and organizations of consolidation, which have a common goal of immense value: autonomy from the United States, the defense of natural resources and national sovereignty, and the availability of public policies that have as its horizon a real commitment to the welfare of the majority. Cuba is participating in that process, with its immense prestige and very important contributions, and with the links it develops it also strengthens its ability to defend and deepen the socialist path.” "But there is still a huge way to travel internally. We must continue to mobilize human and material resources into action against systemic inequities that were created and to increase opportunities for the most affected social groups. It is imperative to better organize production, giving a central role to work and the pursuit of self-sufficiency in food, among other tasks. And to put on the agenda effective ways to increase people’s participation in political action and to strengthen the process. Without ever forgetting what has made these tasks necessary for half a century: the imperialist blockade, the struggle between capitalism and socialism, and the iron weight of underdevelopment.” —How vital is it to continue the exercise of thinking of a revolution, that, for 50 years, has launched the Cubans at the center of the adventure of the liberation of people and human relationships? “Very good, calling it an adventure; that’s what it’s about. Those who believed they knew everything denied the insurgency of the 1950s and the possibility of being defeated. Then forty-five years ago, Che had to rebut the idea of some experts, that Cuba would not be socialist, because its productive force was underdeveloped. Fifteen years ago, wise people came to the conclusion that lacking the USSR, socialist Cuba had no future; the good ones said this with sadness, the others, with enthusiasm.” "I do not think it right to draw my examples from these hasty conclusions, which are not worth thinking about if on such important issues, they were mistaken. Let us consider for a moment, the thinking that opposed them in each of the cases sited. In that solitude, with all the disadvantages or in facing the odds of going against the current. In not knowing whether history would prove them right or not, their attitudes saved on the exercise of having to think because they had no fear of their weaknesses, their circumstances, or their opponents. Each one, had to be critical and creative – they could not copy each other. Each of them foreshadowed a revolutionary action, while at the same time became a child of that action.” “The adventure does not stop here, it continues, it has more roads to travel. And thinking on it, foreshadowing the action while at the same time becoming a child of it."
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